Crohn’s disease is an inflammatory bowel disease that can affect any part of the digestive system. Although it is up to a doctor to make the diagnosis, it is important to recognise the symptoms and know when to see a specialist. In this article, we provide a detailed overview of the typical symptoms of the condition and how to recognise them.
What is Crohn’s disease?
Crohn’s disease is a chronic, i.e. long-term, inflammatory bowel disease that affects the entire lining of the digestive tract. It most commonly affects young adults, and although the exact cause is unknown, we know that a combination of genetic, environmental and immune system factors plays a role in its development.
A distinctive feature of this condition is that it can affect any part of the digestive system – from the mouth right through to the rectum. This sets it apart from other bowel conditions, which only affect specific areas.
The main symptoms of Crohn’s disease
Abdominal symptoms
Abdominal pain – This is one of the most common symptoms, which usually occurs in the lower right abdomen. The pain may be:
- Spasmodic in nature
- Worsening after a meal
- Varying intensity
Diarrhoea – It occurs in the majority of patients; its characteristics are:
- It is not usually bloody (this is an important distinction from other bowel conditions)
- Bowel movements several times a day
- A sense of urgency
- Occasional fatty stools
General symptoms
Weight loss and loss of appetite – As a result of the illness:
- Nutrient uptake is decreasing
- Loss of appetite
- Unintentional weight loss occurs
Fatigue and weakness – These may be caused by:
- Anaemia
- Nutrient deficiency
- Chronic inflammation
Fever and chills – Particularly in cases of active disease or complications.
Involvement of the upper gastrointestinal tract
If both the stomach and the duodenum are affected:
- Pain in the upper abdomen
- Nausea, vomiting
- Difficulty swallowing (less common)
Rectal and anal symptoms
It occurs in 20–50% of patients:
- Anal fissures
- Anal abscesses
- The formation of a fistula
- These can often be the first signs of a bowel condition
When should you see a doctor?
See a specialist immediately if:
- Persistent diarrhoea (lasting longer than 4 weeks)
- Weight loss accompanied by loss of appetite
- He is experiencing recurring abdominal pain
- You notice blood in your stools
- The abdominal symptoms are accompanied by a fever
- Anal or rectal problems occur
Making the diagnosis
Laboratory tests
The doctor may request various blood and stool tests:
Blood tests:
- Complete blood count (to rule out anaemia)
- Inflammatory markers (CRP, white blood cell count)
- Liver function tests
- Electrolyte levels
Stool tests:
- Measurement of calprotectin (to detect inflammation)
- Ruling out infection
Imaging studies
CT or MRI enterography – It is particularly important:
- To assess the condition of the small intestine
- In every newly diagnosed case of Crohn’s disease
- To detect complications
Ultrasound scan – You might find this useful:
- To detect thickening of the intestinal wall
- Recognising abscesses
Endoscopic examinations
Ileocolonoscopy – The baseline examination:
- The large intestine and the final section of the small intestine can be examined
- It is possible to take a tissue sample
- Characteristic lesions are visible (patchy involvement, strictures)
Capsule endoscopy – In special cases:
- To examine the entire length of the small intestine
- When other tests had not produced a clear result
- The presence of at least three small ulcers is already a strong indication
Gastroscopy – In the event of upper gastrointestinal symptoms.
The significance of small bowel involvement
The involvement of the small intestine is particularly important because:
- It may cause problems with nutrient absorption
- It may lead to vitamin and mineral deficiencies
- It may require specialised examination methods
Endomedix offers state-of-the-art endoscopic solutions that can help with the more accurate detection and monitoring of small bowel involvement.
Recognising complications
Narrowing (stenosis)
- Worsening abdominal pain
- Bloating after a meal
- Vomit
Fistula
- Discharge appearing on the skin
- Urinary tract infections
- Vaginal discharge (in women)
Abscess
- Fever
- Local sensitivity
- A palpable swelling
The impact of lifestyle factors
Harmful factors:
- Smoking (almost doubles the risk of complications)
- Stress
- Certain medicines (e.g. painkillers)
Protective factors:
- A diet rich in fibre
- Regular physical activity
- Managing stress
What can you do at home?
Although the treatment of Crohn’s disease requires medical supervision, there is a lot you can do at home:
Nutrition:
- Avoid foods that are difficult to digest during a seizure
- Smaller, more frequent meals
- The importance of staying hydrated
Lifestyle:
- Stress management
- Regular rest
- Giving up smoking
What can you expect during the treatment?
The management of Crohn’s disease is a complex process, which may include:
- Drug therapy
- Nutritional advice
- In some cases, surgical intervention
- Regular monitoring
Frequently asked questions
Can Crohn’s disease be inherited?
There is a genetic predisposition, but it is not always inherited. If there is a family history of the condition, you should be particularly vigilant for symptoms.
Can the disease be cured?
At present, there is no permanent cure, but with the right treatment, the symptoms can be well managed and it is possible to lead a normal life.
How often should I go for a check-up?
This depends on the severity and stage of the disease. It is required more frequently during the active phase of the disease and less frequently when the condition is stable.
Does it affect pregnancy?
With the right care, most women can give birth without any complications. It is important to be monitored by a specialist before and during pregnancy.
Conclusion and next steps
Early diagnosis of Crohn’s disease is crucial for effective treatment and the prevention of complications. If you recognise several of the symptoms described here, do not hesitate to consult a specialist.
Remember: with modern treatment options, such as those offered by Endomedix, Crohn’s disease is a condition that can be managed effectively. The most important thing is to recognise the signs in good time and seek professional help.
The next step is to see a gastroenterologist, who can carry out a detailed examination and, if necessary, refer you for further specialist tests. Treatment started in good time can significantly improve your quality of life and prevent serious complications.
