Digestive problems make life miserable for many of us. Whether it’s abdominal pain, bloating, heartburn or changes in bowel habits, these symptoms can significantly impair our quality of life. Many people tend to brush these problems aside, hoping they will resolve themselves over time. However, it is important to be aware that certain signs may indicate more serious conditions, for which an endoscopic examination may be essential to ensure an accurate diagnosis.
Many patients are afraid of the thought of an endoscopy, even though this modern medical procedure can be crucial in the early detection of diseases and in starting effective treatment. In this article, we explain in detail which symptoms may warrant an endoscopic examination, how this procedure aids in making a diagnosis, and why it is important to consult a specialist in good time if you have any symptoms. The Endomedix Gastroenterology Centre Our experts are committed to carrying out the examinations with as little inconvenience as possible, in a safe and empathetic environment.
What is an endoscopy?
Endoscopy is a diagnostic procedure that enables doctors to examine internal organs directly, particularly the hollow organs of the digestive system. During the examination, a thin, flexible tube (endoscope) is inserted into the body, with a tiny camera and light source at its tip. The image transmitted by the camera can be viewed in real time on a monitor, allowing the doctor to assess the condition of the mucous membrane in detail.
Endoscopy can be used not only for diagnostic purposes but also for therapeutic ones. During the procedure, it is possible to take a tissue sample (biopsy), remove polyps, stop bleeding or even dilate narrowings.
From Endomedix Gastroenterology Centre With its modern range of equipment and experienced specialists, it ensures that examinations are carried out to the highest professional standards.
When is an endoscopic examination recommended? The most common symptoms
There are numerous complaints for which endoscopy is the most appropriate method for identifying the underlying causes. These symptoms are also referred to as „alarm” or warning signs, as they may indicate more serious conditions.
Upper gastrointestinal tract symptoms (indications for gastroscopy)
The upper gastrointestinal tract comprises the oesophagus, the stomach and the initial section of the small intestine (duodenum). Gastroscopy (stomach endoscopy) is used to diagnose problems occurring in this area.
Common symptoms that may warrant a gastroscopy:
- Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia): The sensation that food is getting stuck in the throat or chest. It is a particularly alarming sign if swallowing solid food causes difficulty, as this may indicate a mechanical obstruction (e.g. a narrowing, a tumour). If this occurs with both liquids and solid food, it may indicate a motility disorder. Dysphagia is always an alarming symptom.
- Painful swallowing (odynophagia): Pain when swallowing may indicate inflammation, an ulcer or even a foreign body.
- Recurrent nausea and vomiting: If vomiting is recurrent and the cause is unknown, it is advisable to assess the condition of the stomach and oesophagus.
- Heartburn and acid reflux (GERD): Although heartburn is a common complaint, if the symptoms do not improve with medication or are accompanied by other warning signs (e.g. difficulty swallowing), an endoscopy is recommended to rule out complications (e.g. oesophagitis, Barrett’s oesophagus).
- Upper abdominal pain (dyspepsia): Epigastric (stomach area) pain, a burning sensation and an early feeling of fullness may be caused by peptic ulcer disease, gastritis or a _Helicobacter pylori_ infection.
- Unexplained weight loss: Significant, unintentional weight loss can be one of the first signs of cancer.
- Anaemia: In cases of iron-deficiency anaemia of unknown origin, one should consider the possibility of occult gastrointestinal bleeding, the source of which can be identified by endoscopy.
- Suspected upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage: Haemorrhagic vomiting (haematemesis) or black, tarry stools (melena) require immediate endoscopic examination.
Lower gastrointestinal complaints (indications for colonoscopy)
The lower gastrointestinal tract comprises the large intestine and the rectum. A colonoscopy is the most suitable procedure for examining this area.
Common symptoms that may warrant a colonoscopy:
- Changes in bowel habits: Persistent diarrhoea, constipation, or an alternation between the two, which has recently developed, particularly in people over the age of 50.
- Blood in the stools (haematochezia): Fresh, red blood in the stools or on toilet paper may indicate haemorrhoids, an anal fissure, or even a polyp or tumour.
- Positive faecal occult blood test: The presence of blood in the stool that is not visible to the naked eye is an important indicator which always warrants a colonoscopy.
- Iron-deficiency anaemia of unknown origin: As with the upper gastrointestinal tract, chronic bleeding may also be present here.
- Chronic abdominal pain: If the cause of abdominal pain cannot be determined by other tests.
- Unexplained weight loss: One possible symptom of bowel cancer.
- Suspected inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): A colonoscopy and biopsy are essential for the diagnosis and monitoring of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis.
The diagnostic role of endoscopy
Endoscopy is capable of detecting abnormalities in the digestive system with unrivalled accuracy. The doctor can see the surface of the mucous membrane with their own eyes and detect inflammation, ulcers, polyps, strictures and tumours.
Conditions that can be diagnosed using endoscopy:
- Inflammation: Such as oesophagitis, gastritis or inflammatory bowel diseases (Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis). During the examination, swelling, redness, tenderness and ulcers of the mucous membrane become visible.
- Peptic ulcer disease: The exact location and size of gastric and duodenal ulcers can be determined. A tissue sample must always be taken from gastric ulcers to rule out malignancy.
- Polipok: Polyps are growths that originate from the mucous membrane lining the bowel wall. Although most are benign, they can become malignant over time. During a colonoscopy, these can not only be detected but, in most cases, removed as well, thereby preventing the development of bowel cancer. The Endomedix Gastroenterology Centre He also has extensive experience in the field of polyp removal.
- Tumours: Endoscopy is the most effective method for the early detection of oesophageal, gastric and colorectal cancer. It enables the identification of suspicious areas and the taking of tissue samples, which form the basis of the diagnosis.
- Sources of bleeding: In cases of acute or chronic bleeding, endoscopy helps to locate the exact site of the bleeding (e.g. an ulcer, varices, angiodysplasia) and often allows for immediate therapeutic intervention (e.g. haemostasis).
- Structural changes: Narrowing, hiatal hernias or protrusions in the intestinal wall (diverticula) can be detected.
Role in screening tests
Endoscopy is crucial not only when symptoms are present, but also as a screening test. Colorectal cancer is one of the most common forms of cancer, but it can be prevented with a high degree of certainty through screening.
- Colorectal cancer screening: According to the guidelines, screening colonoscopies are recommended every 10 years for individuals at average risk from the age of 50 (or from the age of 45 in some countries). If there is a family history of bowel cancer, screening should begin earlier.
- Other risk groups: In the case of certain inherited syndromes (e.g. Lynch syndrome, familial adenomatous polyposis) or chronic conditions (e.g. ulcerative colitis, Barrett’s oesophagus) require regular endoscopic check-ups to enable the early detection of tumours.
How is the test done?
Many people are concerned about the discomfort involved in the examination, but it is important to know that there are now methods available to minimise this discomfort.
- Preparations: You must not eat anything for 6–8 hours before a gastroscopy. A colonoscopy requires thorough bowel preparation, which involves taking a special laxative solution the day before the examination. Proper preparation is essential for a successful examination.
- Anaesthesia: A gastroscopy is usually carried out using a local anaesthetic spray (lidocaine). A colonoscopy, and a gastroscopy if required, can be carried out under general anaesthesia, so the patient is completely unaware of the procedure. The Endomedix Gastroenterology Centre enables pain-free endoscopy to be carried out under general anaesthetic.
- The investigation: The patient lies on their side. During a gastroscopy, the endoscope is inserted through the mouth, whilst for a colonoscopy it is inserted through the rectum. The examination usually lasts 15–30 minutes, but may take longer if a therapeutic procedure is carried out.
- After the examination: A brief sensation of numbness in the throat may occur following local anaesthesia. After sedation or general anaesthesia, the patient must rest and must not drive that day. The doctor will inform the patient of the results immediately after the examination.
Potential risks
Although endoscopy is a safe procedure, as with any medical procedure, it can have rare complications. These may include bleeding (mainly after the procedure), perforation of the bowel wall, or cardiovascular events associated with sedation. In the hands of an experienced specialist, the risk of these is minimal.
What should you do if you have a complaint?
Gastrointestinal symptoms may be caused by a number of conditions of varying severity. Do not attempt to diagnose yourself at home, and do not ignore persistent or worrying symptoms! Early diagnosis can save lives.
If you experience any of the symptoms mentioned in the article, please consult a gastroenterologist. The Endomedix Gastroenterology Centre Our highly trained team will help identify the cause of your symptoms and draw up the most appropriate treatment plan. Modern diagnostic techniques combined with patient-centred care ensure that you are in the best possible hands.
